Volume 15, Issue 73 (vol. 15, no. 73 2026)
2026, 15(73): 13-24 |
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Kouhpayeh P, Jafari L, Asgari A. The growth and biochemical responses of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) to wastewater types and nutrient application. Plant Process and Function 2026; 15 (73) : 2
URL: http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2206-en.html
URL: http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-2206-en.html
1- Horticulture Science Department, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2- Horticulture Science Department, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran ,jafari.leila@hormozgan.ac.ir
3- Agriculture Department, Minab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Minab, Iran
2- Horticulture Science Department, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran ,
3- Agriculture Department, Minab Higher Education Center, University of Hormozgan, Minab, Iran
Abstract: (33 Views)
The research aimed to examine the effects of wastewater and both organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and biochemical traits of pot marigolds (Calendula officinalis). The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan. Using a split-plot experiment arranged within a completely randomized block design with three replications, the study considered three types of irrigation water as the main factor: Tap water (control), treated municipal wastewater from Roudan city, and dormitory wastewater (treated wastewater from a local treatment plant established at the university's dormitory complex). The secondary factor included various fertilizers: Humic acid (2000 ppm), seaweed extract (3000 ppm), iron (Fe) (2000 ppm), zinc (Zn) (2000 ppm), and a control group without fertilizer. The results showed that the type of irrigation water significantly affected multiple traits, including the number of branches, plant height, number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, and total phenol and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively). The highest number of branches (7.08) and TPC (3.45 mg GAE g-1 DW) were observed with dormitory wastewater irrigation. The maximum plant height (49.6 cm) and the greatest number of flowers per plant (11.27) were achieved with municipal wastewater irrigation. Additionally, the type of fertilizer significantly influenced all traits except flower diameter. The highest number of branches (6.68), plant height (49.55 cm), and flower diameter (4.28 cm) were obtained with seaweed fertilizer. The longest flowering period (35.00 days), number of flowers (11.53), and dry weight of a single flower (38.00 g) were recorded with Fe spraying. Furthermore, the highest levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and TPC were observed with Fe fertilizer application, at 3.07, 1.23, 4.29 mg g-1 FW, and 3.43 mg GAE g-1 DW, respectively. The highest carotenoid content (0.291 mg g-1 FW) and anthocyanin content (0.215 mg g-1 FW) also occurred with Fe fertilizer application. The interaction between irrigation water and fertilizer significantly influenced dry flower yield per unit area and TFC. Municipal wastewater outperformed the control group across all measured traits, indicating its beneficial effects. Furthermore, applying fertilizers enhanced all characteristics compared to the control, with the highest dry flower yield achieved using Fe and Zn fertilizers. Utilizing municipal wastewater helps meet the water requirements of pot marigolds and provides their necessary nutrients. When combined with micronutrient fertilizers, municipal wastewater plays a vital role in improving the growth and biochemical properties of pot marigolds.
Article number: 2
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Horticulture
Received: 2025/04/22 | Accepted: 2025/09/8 | Published: 2026/07/27
Received: 2025/04/22 | Accepted: 2025/09/8 | Published: 2026/07/27
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