1 2322-2727 Iranian Society of Plant Physiology 229 Horticulture Effect of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (anatase) on some physiological and morphological characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa c.v.Queen Elisa) in hydroponic condition hashemi dehkourdi elahe b mousavi mousa c moallemi norollah d ghafarian moghareb mohammad hadi e b Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran c Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran d Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran e Department of soil science, Faculty Agriculture Tarbiat Modaress, Tehran, Iran 1 7 2016 5 16 1 8 26 01 2014 01 07 2015 To study the effect of nanoparticle anatase on some parameters of strawberry plant (Queen Eliza) an experiment in randomized complete block design was carried out with 3 replications. Nano Anatase in seven concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5 mg per liter, with Hoagland solution for hydroponically grown plants (Cocopeat) was added to 4 times a week. At the end of the experimental period (3 months), chlorophyll content, TSS/TA, vitamin C, fruit set percentage, shoot and root dry weight and yield were measured and their data analyzed with SAS software. The results showed that nano-anatase at the highest concentration (11.5 mg/ ml) was best treatment and significantly increased all the different strawberry measured traits in this experiment. Keywords: Titanium, chlorophyll, photo catalyst, nano. *corresponding author, Email: mousa_mousawi@yahoo.com
269 others Effect of low-intensity ultrasound on membrane integrity of suspension-cultured parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum L.) sobhannejad Sara f ghanati Faezeh g f Tarbiat Modares University g Tarbiat Modares University 1 7 2016 5 16 9 16 04 07 2014 25 08 2015 The ability to sense and respond to physical stimuli is an important key of the life. It was recognized that ultrasound as a physical stimulus could produce drastic changes in biological systems. High-intensity ultrasound is well known to be destructive to biological materials, but low-intensity ultrasound, on the other hand, has shown a range of biological effects with potential significance in biotechnology. One of the most studied effects of ultrasound on living cells is the increase in their membrane permeability, enhancing the uptake of foreign substances and the release of intracellular products into the media. In the present research suspension-cultured parsley cells were treated with ultrasound at 29 kHz with the power of 455 mW/cm3, for 10, 20, and 40 min. The viability of cells was examined using Evanꞌs blue dye. Alteration of membrane permeability was evaluated by measuring the lipid peroxidation rate and leakage of electrolytes such as Ca2+ and K+ from membranes to the extracellular medium. According to the results exposure to ultrasound for 10 and 20 min neither changed the viability of the cells nor lipid peroxidation of the membranes. Exposure of parsley cells to ultrasound for 40 min however, decreased the viability and increased the release of K+ to the extracellular medium. The results suggest that low dosage of ultrasound energy dose not adversely affect the membrane integrity of parsley cells and also stimulates their growth. 378 Horticulture Postharvest quality preservation and control of fungal rot in sweet pepper using chitosan edible coating Mohammadi Meysam h Khademi Orang i Saidi Mehdi j Bazgir Masoud k h Ilam University i Shahed University j Ilam University k Ilam University 1 7 2016 5 16 17 26 24 01 2015 06 07 2015 Chitosan in addition to antimicrobial properties is used as an edible coating for improvement storage life of various fruit and vegetables. Weight loss and fungal rot, are the main limiting factors in sweet pepper postharvest life. Therefore in this study the effects of chitosan at concentration of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% were investigated on the quality preservation and fungal rot controlling of sweet pepper during storage period. For that, fruit were dipped at different chitosan solutions and after drying were stored for 28 days in 10˚C and 95% RH. After storage, fruit traits such as weight loss, diseases incidence, marketability, firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, dry weight, electrolyte leakage, total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and catalase activity were analyzed. Results showed that treated fruits, showed lower weight loss as well as lower fungal disease in comparison to control fruit, however, treated fruit had higher marketability, firmness, total phenol content, titratable acidity, total soluble solid and catalase activity. The positive effects of chitosan improve with increasing its concentration. According to these results, it has been recommended that chitosan ability to extend the storage life of sweet pepper fruit. 323 thermal stress Effect of potassium nitrate on antioxidant enzymes activity of aged milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds ebadi ali l parmoon ghasem m jahanbakhsh soodabe n l University of Mohaghegh Ardabili m University of Mohaghegh Ardabili n University of Mohaghegh Ardabili 1 7 2016 5 16 27 44 22 10 2014 10 06 2015 Seed aging increases activity of reactive oxygen molecules and antioxidant enzymes have a key role against increased oxidative stress which is caused by free radicals. Effect of seed priming on increasing of these enzymes activity and its impacts on seed germination characteristics of deteriorated milk thistle seeds was studied in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2013. Factoral experiment based on Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The accelerated seed aging was to increase free radicals activates and seed priming with potassium nitrate was to decrease. Priming treatment was done in five levels (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg per liter potassium nitrate) and seed aging at four levels (non-aging, 48, 96 and 144 hours aging). The results showed that enhancing seed aging reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (62%), catalase (34%), peroxidase (43%), ascorbate peroxidase (57%), glutathione peroxidase (61%) and glutathione reductase (58%), which eventually led to a decrease in germination percentage (25%) and germination rate (15%). Effect of seed priming reduced aging effect and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which eventually led to an increase in germination. The concentration of 30- 40 mgL-1 nitrate showed the greatest impact. Regression results showed that the enzyme activity follows a linear relationship with the percentage and rate of seed germination. According to path analysis results, the antioxidant enzymes had direct and indirect effects on the germination rate and percent respectively, during changes in free radicals activity, so that the peroxidase activity had the greatest impact on the germination percent (0.56) and rate (0.73), respectively. 390 Salt Stress Effect of gibberellin on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in savory plant (Satureja hortensis L.) under salt stress firuzeh rana o khavarinejad ramazanali p najafi farzaneh saadatmand sara o Department of Biology, Faculty of Science p Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Faculty of Science 1 7 2016 5 16 45 56 18 02 2015 10 06 2015 Salinity stress is one of the limiting factor determining plant growth and development through negative effects on plant physiological processes. Interaction of salinity and certain plant growth regulators such as gibberellin affected physiological and biochemical responses in plants. In present research, the effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl) and gibberellin (0 and 100 µg L-1) on anthocyanin, prolin contents and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, were studied. Results showed that different concentrations of NaCl caused significant increase in anthocyanin and proline contents. The individual concentrations of NaCl increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase considerably. Changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and peroxidase, indicated that NaCl causes oxidative stress in Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) plant. With adding GA3 in medium, activity of these enzymes increased more than those of control and NaCl single treatments. The results showed that GA3 alleviates adverse effects of NaCl and could increase the tolerance of Satureja hortensis to salinity stress by increasing activities of antioxidants. 322 Droughts Stress Effect of drought and salinity stresses on growth and yield of linseed genotypes Kadkhodaie Azam Fatholahi Samira Ehsanzadeh Parviz Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan University of Technology 1 7 2016 5 16 57 70 21 10 2014 23 05 2015 In order to study the effect of salinity on dry mass production of linseed at vegetative phase and the effects of water deficit on some agronomics, grain yield, seed oil and protein content of six linseed genotypes two experiments were carried out in 2012. In pot experiment, four levels of NaCl salt including 0 (control), 35 (moderate salinity), 70 (high salinity) and 105 mM (severe salinity) were applied onto six linseed genotypes including C1, C2, C3, B, Khorasan and 33. Plants were grown to flowering and their Na+, K+, Na+/K+ and dry mass were measured. In field experiment, three levels of soil moisture including irrigation after 75 (control), 115 (moderate water deficit) and 145 mm (severe water deficit) evaporation from Class-A Pan were applied to linseed genotypes. Plants were grown to physiological maturity and some growth attributes and seed oil and protein content and yield were measured. In the pot experiment, results showed that Na+ content and Na+/K+ increased and K+ content and dry mass decreased with progressive salinity, to the extent that the moderate salinity was sufficient to negatively affect physiological, growth and dry mass attributes of linseed. Genotypes Khorasan and C3 were proven more tolerant to salinity. In the field experiment, growth, grain yield and its attributes were decreased with water deficit in all linseed genotypes but seed oil content remained unchanged and protein content decreased by nearly four percent. Since genotypes B and C2 indicated the least decreases in their grain yield, they may be considered as more drought-tolerant genotypes. Key words: Linseed, drought, salinity, growth, Na+1, K+1, yield 349 Droughts Stress Effects of drought stress and its interaction with silicon on stimulates the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in fennel (Foeniculum vulgar) Mosapour Yahyaabadi Hasan Asgharipour Mohammad Reza University of Zabol University of Zabol 1 7 2016 5 16 71 84 06 12 2014 08 04 2015 Drought stress stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts. ROS laed to lipid peroxidation and damage to the cell membrane. In the current study, the effect of different concentrations of silicon were examined on oxidative stress caused by drought in fennel plant. The experimental design was a split plot based on RCBD with three replications in which irrigation regimes includingirrigation at 100%, 70% and 40% of field capacity were assigned as main plots and five levels of silicon foliar sprays (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM) were allocated to sub plots. The experiment was conducted in 2009 at the Zabol University research farm, Zabol, Iran. The results showed that drought stress significantly decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, leaf relative water content and catalase activity. In drought conditions, malondialdehyde levels and electrolyte leakage showed a 2 -fold increase over the control. Silicon treatment (7.5 mM) accompanied by drought, increased the activity of peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase, proline and soluble sugars by 18, 25, 14 and 28%, respectively and decreased malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage by 30 and 28%, respectively over the control, suggesting that silicon spraying (5 and 7.5 mM) could increase the ability of plants in response to drought stress by strengthening the antioxidant system of the plant and increasing osmolytes, and have protective effect against lipid peroxidation, induced by stress. 252 Droughts Stress Evaluation of salicylic acid effects on some physiological traits of Fenugreek under drought stress Touhidi Nejad Zahra Farahbakhsh Hassan Maghsoudi Moud Ali Akbar Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman 1 7 2016 5 16 85 96 07 03 2014 15 07 2015 To investigate the effects of salicylic acid (0, 10, 15 and 20 µM) on some physiological characteristics of Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum- graecum L.) under drought stress (0, -3 and  -6 Bar) a Factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was employed in research greenhouse of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2012 growing season. Results showed that drought stress significantly increased ion leakage, proline and reduced sugar, but decreased other traits (relative water content, membrane stability index, chlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoids (ion leakage,Proline and reduced sugar) significantly. Increasing in salicylic acid level ameliorated deleterious effects of drought stress on mentioned traits except proline and reduced sugar and led to increase in relative water content, membrane stability index chlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoids under drought stress. Ion leakage also decreased with increasing salicylic acid. All the traits were affected by the interactions except prolin and reduced sugar. This implies different response of salicylic acid in different drought stress. Therefore salicylic acid is able to reduce the negative effects of drought stress on this plant. 393 Horticulture Evaluation the Effects of Calcium Treatments on Postharvest Life of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. 1 7 2016 5 16 97 104 28 02 2015 13 09 2015 Due to high perishability of tomato, it cannot be stored for long duration  but  by means of postharvest technologies somewhat can control their decay. Calcium as an essential plant nutrient actively participates in cell wall structure. The current experiment was conducted to find the effect of calcium on postharvest life of tomato fruit cv. "Dafnis". The experiment was conducted to asses the shelf life of tomato using treatments of calcium choloride (%1, %1.5, %2) and calcium ascorbate (%0.25, %0.5, %1). After treatment, the fruits were presereved at an incubator with 10 °C and 90% humidity for 35 days. After that the fruits were gotten out each 7 days and were assesed  to determine parameters such as titratable acid, pH, soluble solids, vitamin C, firmness, weight loss and lycopene content. experiments was performed as a factorial in a complete randomized design with three replications. The results showed that calcium treatments, had a significant effects on all measured indexes. The lowest lycopene content was recorded at the %1 calcium ascorbate and except with %2 calcium choloride it to had significant difference to other treatments. The lowest pH, soluble solids, the highest titratable acid and vitamin C in the %1 calcium ascorbate and except with %2 calcium choloride it to had significant difference to other treatments.. According to the result of this study, treated fruits with %1 calcium ascorbate and 2% calcium choloride cause maintain fruit quality properties during storage period. 347 Droughts Stress Water deficit effects on some physiological characteristics, sugars and proline as osmolytes in Cucumis melo var. reticulates cv. Samsoury Zeinali Najme Haghbeen Kamahldin Delshad Mojtaba 1 7 2016 5 16 105 116 04 12 2014 13 09 2015 Abstract In order to study the effect of water deficit stress on some physiological characteristics including leaf water osmotic and turgor potentials and osmolytes including sugars, proline and invertase activity of Persian melon (Cucumis melo Group. cantaloupensis cv. samsoury), an experiment was conducted in complete randomized design. Treatments including three irrigation levels (start of irrigation at -50 (control), -65 (moderate stress) and -75 kPa (severe stress) of matric potentials. Severe decrease of osmotic potential even less than predicted value (about -23 bar) was happened in severe water deficit stress (start of irrigation at -75 kPa of matric potential). Results indicate that water deficit levels in this experiment were cause to changes in sugars content and invertase activity. Water deficit stress decreased invertase activity to 2.01 at 35th days after start of stress, while the activity of this enzyme at this stage was measured about 4.14, for control (start of irrigation at -75 kPa of matric potential). Severe level of water deficit (start of irrigation at -75 kPa of matric potential) increased fruit sucrose content (0.32 mg/g FW) and glucose content (0.08 mg/g FW), leaves proline content (0.35 µmol/ g FW) at 35th days after start of stress. Also, an osmotic regulation was happened in this plant by sucrose and proline aggregation under water deficit stress and according to the leaf osmotic potential has decresed even more than expected value. 370 Toxic ions stress Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble proteins in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) seedlings Kavousi Hamid Reza Barandeh Fatemeh 1 7 2016 5 16 117 132 07 03 2015 01 07 2015 Cadmium (Cd) is easily absorbed by the root system in many plant species and due to its solubility in water and toxicity is considered as a major pollutant. The aim of this study was investigation of cadmium toxicity on some physiological characteristics of lentil seedlings. So, two-week-old plantlets were treated with different concentrations (0 as control, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 μM) of cadmium chloride for 10 days and then the amounts of photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble proteins were investigated. Survey results indicated that with increasing in cadmium concentration, a significant decrease was observed in photosynthetic pigments. In addition, the cadmium significantly was increased amount of proline in treated seedlings compared with control. Also, cadmium has imposed drastic decrease in total soluble proteins and the amount of proteins declined progressively with increasing concentrations of cadmium. Due to a decrease in protein content and photosynthetic pigments, the present results allow us to conclude that the lentil plants showed a negative response to cadmium toxicity. In addition, to overcome cadmium stress, seedling have increased the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds such as proline. 418 Horticulture Effect of different deficit irrigation regimes using surface and subsurface system on Shaghayegh and Shahrzad tomato cultivars performance under greenhouse conditions Bakhtiar Karimi Vafaee Yavar Abdi Chonoor Golzari Arezoo University of Kurdistan University of Kurdistan University of Kurdistan University of Kurdistan 1 7 2016 5 16 133 142 15 05 2015 13 09 2015 Deficit Irrigation (DI) is a fundamental solution for efficient water use in irrigated lands under conditions of water scarcity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential for water saving and yield improvements of two greenhouse tomato cultivar (Shaqayeq and Shahrzad) with use of three DI treatment ,50, ,75, and ,100, percent of full irrigation along with surface and subsurface drip irrigation. This study was conducted in research greenhouse of agricultural faculty, university of Kurdistan as factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replications in ,2014,. Result showed that DI regimes could affect fruit diameter, firmness, TSS, pH, acidity, C vitamin content, Carotenoids, leaf area index (LAI), total yield and water use efficiency, significantly. The highest TSS, 5.47, acidity, 0.618, percent C vitamin, 65/4, mg/Fw and Carotenoids, 65/4, mg/Fw were obtained with lowest water supply treatment, 50, percent of full irrigation. Data also showed that, 50, percent water requirement treatment in subsurface drip irrigation resulted in the most efficient use of water which was about, 23.4, and, 11.3, WUE in Shaqayeq and Shahrzad cultivars, respectively. Regarding total yield, the highest value, 29782.7 kg/ha was obtained in Shaqayeq tomato cultivar using, 50, percent use of water requirement and subsurface drip irrigation. In total, it can be concluded that deficient irrigation resulted in reducing vegetative parameters while fruit quality parameters have been improved. 383 Toxic ions stress The effect of cadmium chloride and mercuric on carbohydrate, total protein and proline, lysine and methionine amino acids and some of enzymes in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Raeesi sadati Seyede Yalda Jahanbakhsh Godekahriz Soodabeh University of Mohaghegh Ardabili University of Mohaghegh Ardabili 1 7 2016 5 16 143 156 29 01 2015 27 06 2015 Heavy metals are a major environmental problem and have caused serious concerns because of characteristics of carcinogenesis, non-degradability and biological accumulation. Major part of this material is absorbed by plants and leads to inactivation of some enzyme, decreased protein production and disrupting variety of reactions and many cellular functions and growth and development cessation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment effects of mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride on total soluble protein, soluble sugars content, concentration of proline, lysine and methionine amino acids with catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in Tajan and the Gonbad wheat cultivars. The Seedlings were treated in three leaflets stage with mercuric chloride at concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM and cadmium chloride at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 mM as well as control. The experiment were conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that in both Gonbad and Tajan cultivars, mercuric chloride treatment significantly decreased the total soluble sugars content and polyphenol oxidase and increased the amount of protein, proline, lysine and methionine compared to control. In Gonabd, with increasing concentrations of cadmium chloride, total protein, soluble sugar and lysine contents increased but proline and methionine contents reduced. But inTajan cultivar opposite result was obtained. Tajan is therefore more tolerant than Gonbad. Also in Gonabd cultivar, with concentration increasing of mercury, catalase and peroxidase activity were reduced but in Tajan increased activity of these enzymes. With increasing concentration of cadmium activity were reduced compared to control enzymes. Thus, this study showed that treatment with cadmium chloride and mercury chloride at micromolar and millimolar levels is able to stimulate plant defense mechanisms and makes plants more tolerant against stress. 324 Droughts Stress Effects of drought stress on vegetative growth and biochemical changes of six ornamental species in tropical rastegar somayeh Hormozgan University 1 7 2016 5 16 157 164 24 10 2014 01 07 2015 Drought is one of the environmental stresses, which have detrimental effects on most of plant growth stages, structure of organs and their activities. This experiment was conducted in 2014 to study the effects of drought stress on vegetative and biochemical changes of three six ornamental species include Ipomoea carnea, Delonix regia, Lantana camara, bougainvillea glabra, dodonaea viscose, clerodendron inerme. The experiment was performed with factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Drought stress starteded by withholding irrigation and continued until plants wilted. Control pots were irrigated regulatory. Growth of the shoot, relative water content pigments concentrate (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, b and carotene) and proline was determined in control and treatments. According the results, drought stress significantly reduced vegetative growth of the most species that studied. Compared to other plant, the growth of dodonaea viscose was less affected. Leaf relative water content, and content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotene) significantly reduced compared to control, in all species. Ipomoea carnea and dodonaea viscose showed the less chlorophyll difference rather than other. However proline increased dramatically in all plant species in response to drought stress. Royal Poinciana and Lantana camara showed the most increase in the amount of prolin. In general depending on the plant type, the response of plants to drought stress was different. Response of some species was reducing growth however in some plant chlorophyll content was reduce. 415 Droughts Stress The effect of auxine and cytokinine hormones concentration on photosynthetic pigments and proline amino acid under drought stress condition in maize hybrid 704 mahrokh ali Nabipour Majid Roshanfekr Dezfuli Habib Alah choukan Rajab 1 7 2016 5 16 165 178 06 05 2015 15 07 2015 This study was conducted to determine some physiological parameters of maize cultivar KSC 704 affected auxin and cytokinin hormones concentration variations under drought stress condition. The experiment was carried out in three environments separately including non-drought stress environment, drought stress in vegetative stage and drought stress in reproductive stage. Cytokinin hormone in three concentrations (control, 50 and 100 mg/lit) in V8-V10 stage and auxin hormone in three concentrations (control, 10 and 20 mg/lit) in silk emergence stage was laid out as a factorial design based on randomized complete block with three replications in each environment at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj in 2014. Drought stress in reproductive stage decreased chlorophyll a and b respectively %28.13 and %37.93. The use of cytokinine hormone in concentration 50 mg/lit increased %37.73 chlorophyll a and decreased % 16.58 proline amino acid and also auxine hormone in concentration 10 and 20 mg/lit increased %22.78 chlorophyll a and decreased %18.02 proline. 389 Salt Stress The interaction of salinity and gibberellic acid on photosynthetic pigments contents and some antioxidant enzymes activities in two varieties of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) Soltani Elias Khavari-Nejad Ramazan Ali Angaji S.Abdolhamid Najafi Farzaneh Kharazmi University Kharazmi University Kharazmi University Kharazmi University 1 7 2016 5 16 179 188 16 02 2015 05 07 2015 Chickpea is highly sensitive to salt stress. Several compounds are examined to minimize the harmful effects of salt stress. In this research the effect of gibberellic acid (10 and 20 µM) on physiological parameters in two cultivars of Iranian chickpea (Jam and Kaka) under salt stress (80mM NaCl) were studied. The results showed that chlorophylls and protein contents were decreased in plants treated with NaCl. However, the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased and catalase activity decreased. In plants treated with GA and NaCl, chlorophylls and protein contents were accelerated and the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were diminished and catalase activity increased. It is concluded that gibberellic acid could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress in chickpea plants.