Journal of Plant Process and Function

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In recent years, the number of reports of nanoparticle production using green methods has increased exponentially. Green methods of nanoparticle production are based on oxidation and reduction reactions in which metal ions are reduced to nanoparticles with the help of compounds in living organisms or their extracts, including antioxidants. The presence of biomolecules, including antioxidants in plant extracts in a reducing and stabilizing role, can help produce metal nanoparticles. In living cells, free radicals are produced during the cellular oxidation process. Free radicals are highly reactive due to the presence of a single electron, and are therefore highly toxic to the cell. Antioxidants (natural and synthetic) are compounds that prevent free radicals from damaging the cell, and their presence is essential for living organisms. Green nanoparticles produced with plant extracts, in addition to greater stability and better size than nanoparticles produced using other living organisms, also have improved biological properties. The antioxidant property of the extract is an important parameter to control the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. The antioxidant properties of plant extracts can lead to a better selection of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles with desired properties. Plant antioxidants have reducing properties and can be purified and used for the production of green metal nanoparticles.

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Abstract In order to investigate the effects of nano silver and multi wall carbon nanotube levels on ‎some morphological and physiological traits of faba bean the present study was done. This ‎factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications ‎and two treatments with four concentrations (0,100,200 and 300 mgl-1). The results showed ‎the total number of seeds germinated, shoot length, root length, shoot weight and dry weight, ‎root weight and dry weight and root tolerance had significant differences at Ag and multi wall ‎carbon nanotube treatments (p<0.01) whereas, T50 and germination rate traits showed non ‎significant differences under nanoparticle treatments. Nanoparticles concentrations had ‎significant effects on Shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight indices, germination rate and ‎T50 (p<0.05) and shoot length, root length, root fresh and dry weight, root tolerance index and ‎total number of germinated seeds indices (p<0.01). Shoot length and root dry weight under ‎‎200 mg/l concentrations, showed significant difference with other treatments and root ‎tolerance, root fresh weight and root length, showed highest significant decrease under 300 ‎mg/l concentration. The interaction effects of treatments, had significant effects on ‎germination rate (p<0.05) and other indices (p<0.01). Root dry weight, root tolerance and ‎number of germinated seeds under 300 mg/l, and germination rate indices under 100 mg/l ‎and T50 index under control treatment, showed the highest significant decrease.‎

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Nanomaterials are considered as one of the most important innovations of modern science. Nanoparticles are highly reactive. These property are largely due to their size (from 1 to 100 nm), large surface area and high solubility. Among all the micronutrients, iron has the largest amount in plants. Iron is the catalytic component of many oxidization and redox enzymes and is needed for chlorophyll synthesis. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles in six different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 micromolar) and compelte Hogland nutrient medium (include fe-chelate) as control environment was given to Catharanthus roseus plant for 70 days. The results have shown that iron oxide nanoparticles significantly increased the leaf growth parameters and carbohydrate contents in comparison with control plants, but it had no effects on the amount of proline, antioxidants and the stomatal density of leaf. The highest amounts of leaf growth parameters was obtained in 30μl iron oxide nanoparticles and the lowest values of these parameters was found with 0μl iron oxide nanoparticles. The highest values of proline and antioxidants activity were measured in 0μl iron, since this concentration is considered as stress for plant. Therefore use of iron oxide nanoparticles fertilizer is recommended, because it reduce the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers into the environment.

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Construction and function of active substances of medicinal plants is influenced by environmental factors such as deficiency or increasing of nutrients in the soil and substrates type. Thus, an experiment was carried out in factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete with 16 treatments and 3 replications . The aim of this research was Influence of vermicompost and nano potassium fertilizer on morphological and phytochemical characteristics in Aloe vera . The treatments were four levels of vermicompost (0,15, 30 and 45), in the Volume percents with soil of culture and Nano potassium in 3 levels 2, 4, 6 gr/l and 0 as control. The results showed that the maximum amount of gel weight, gel moisture content, gel glucomannan and anthocyanin of cortex was obtained in 30% of vermicompost and 4 g/l of nano potassium. The interaction of these two factors was increased the gel antioxidant capacity and moisture content and showed maximum amount in 30% vermicompost and 2g/l nano potassium. The maximum of weight leaf was belonged in 30% of vermicompost and 6g/l nano potassium and maximum amount of gel flavonoid showed in 15 % of vermicompost and 4g/l nano potassium. Thus, using of combination substrateand of vermicompost ana foliar application of nano potassium fertilizer in aloe vera cultivation. has an effective role in the production leaves and gel high quality and the way influence it depending on characteristics is function of combination vermicompost substrate and nano-potassium fertilizer concentration.

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Madagascar periwinkle is one of the important medicinal plants belonging to Apocynaceae family. In this study the effects of nano zinc oxide on growth index wet and dry weight, leaf surface, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates and amount of elements were investigated. Experiments were designed completely randomized in greenhouse culture conditions with three replications. Zinc oxide nanoparticle in different concentrations (2, 4, 5, 10 and 15 µM) and hogland nutrient as control was given to Catharanthus roseus plant for 70 days. In addition to study the symptoms of zinc deficit used zero concentration. The results indicate that nanooxide in concentrations higher than 2 µM reduced wet and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates, iron and phosphorus. Also the results indicate that uptake of zinc in nano scale is higher. Uptake of potassium and zinc increased with increasing the concentration of nano zincoxide. This means intraction between these elements is positive while the intraction of phosphorus and iron with zinc element is antagonisticand with increasing concentration of nano-ZnO the uptake of these elements will be reduced.

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Violet has many application in landscaping and herbal medicine . Salicylic acid hormone and phosphorus Nano-fertilizer compounds are considered as effective in regulating physiological processes and plant secondary metabolites. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 agent salicylic acid and fertilizer phosphorus Nano-fertilizer in 3 replications. Spraying with different levels of 0 ,0.1 ,0.7 ,1.5 mM hormone salicylic acid and phosphorus Nano-fertilizer at levels of 0 ,0.5 ,1.5 and 3 g/l in three stages on violets was applied. Morphological parameters were including diameter and number of flowers, flower spikes shoot length ,fresh weight and dry matter percentage violet flower . Phytochemical and biochemical parameters including photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids ) and antioxidant capacity & anthocyanins with spectrophotometry and quercetin & rutin values were determined by HPLC. The results indicate that salicylic acid and phosphorus Nano impact on most morphological and phytochemical at 1 and 5 percent. Both treatments increased the levels of morphological characteristics and pigments. High levels of salicylic acid and lower phosphorus Nano improved secondary metabolites. So to achieve maximum plant biomass and optimizatied secondary methabolites, application of different concentrations of the hormone and phosphorus Nano to increase the characteristics value of medicinal and ornamental , is required.

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To study the effect of nanoparticle anatase on some parameters of strawberry plant (Queen Eliza) an experiment in randomized complete block design was carried out with 3 replications. Nano Anatase in seven concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5 mg per liter, with Hoagland solution for hydroponically grown plants (Cocopeat) was added to 4 times a week. At the end of the experimental period (3 months), chlorophyll content, TSS/TA, vitamin C, fruit set percentage, shoot and root dry weight and yield were measured and their data analyzed with SAS software. The results showed that nano-anatase at the highest concentration (11.5 mg/ ml) was best treatment and significantly increased all the different strawberry measured traits in this experiment.

Keywords: Titanium, chlorophyll, photo catalyst, nano.

*corresponding author, Email: mousa_mousawi@yahoo.com

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Selenium (Se) is an essential element for human and livestock health with antioxidant and anticancer effect. Although Se is not an essential element for plant growth,but improve the plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology in winter of 1391. The completely randomized design was arranged. Se in four concentration 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 µM and Nano-Se in0,1, 4, 8 and 12 mM was added to nutrient solution. The results showed that Se improved stem diameter, fresh weight of shoot, chlorophyll content and phenol. Nano-Se improved root volume, fresh weight of root, relative water content of shoot, internal stomata CO2, and leaf temperature and mesophyll conductance. Se and Nano-Se were effective in 10 and 4 µM, respectively.Root volume increased in 8 µM Nano-Se by 72.4%. Chlorophyll content increasd by 73% in 10 µM Se. N-Se was more effective than Se on mesophyll conductance and increased in 4 µM Nano-Se by 9.9%. Conclusively, Nano-Se and Se in 10 and 4 µM was more effective respectively on most vegetative,antioxidant and photosynthetic activity of tomato.

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In order to evaluate the effect of combined foliar spray of EBL+nZnO before flowering on quality of produced seeds and also the possibility of salt tolerance induction in seedling, seed and seedling vigour test was conducted with presence of NaCl in growth medium. In this research, in addition to seed germination and seedling growth parameters of tomato, lipid peroxidation and activity of some antioxidative enzymes were also measured. The present experiment was carried out as factorial based on RCB design with three replications in Research Farm and Seed Technology Lab of faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources in University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in year 2015.The experimental factors included 24-epibrassinolide (0, 0.8 and 1.6 mM), Nano-zinc oxide (0, 600 and 1200 ppm) and salinity stress (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). According to obtained results, salinity of 100 mM indicated the least percentage and rate of germination and seedling performance. Also in this stress level, significant decrease were observed in malondialdehyde content and considerable increases recorded in free proline amount and activity of catalase and peroxidase. In general, combined application of EBL (1.6mM) + nZnO (1200 ppm) significantly alleviated the deterrent impacts of salinity on all traits considered, except seed germination percent. icantly alleviated the deterrent impacts of salinity on all traits considered, except seed germination percent.

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Abstract

In order to evalution of antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of flower of chamomile genotypes under drought stress condition and foliar application of nano iron chelated, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at greenhouse research farm of the University of Zabol in 2014. Experimental treatments included drought stress at 2 levels (control or 90% of field capacity and 70% field capacity) and nano iron chelate application at 2 levels (control and 2 mg/l) and chamomile genotypes (Ardestan, Gachsaran, Nain, Khozestan, Kazeroon, Germany and Hungary). In this study the antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and total protein) and the yeild of flower in plant of information about the resistance to drought stress were evaluated. The results showed that stress caused an increase in the catalase decrease cause of enzyme activity in genotypes in Kazerun, Khuzestan, Nain and Germany, the enzyme ascorbate in every genotypes, guaiacol peroxidase in genotypes, Kazeroon, Khuzestan, Nain and Germany and decreased total protein genotypes in genotypes of ardestan, Gachsaran and Hungary and the yeild flower in plant of in the genotypes in Ardestān, Khuzestan, Nain and Hungary. Application of nano iron chelated by reducing the damaging effects of stress on the antioxidant enzymes in some of genotypes was influenced that, this effects some of genotypes was positive and negative in others genotypes. In generally, the use of genotypes in Khuzestan and Germany are sufferest for planting in the drought stress conditions.

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In order to study the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on morphological and physiological traits of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. 'Hayola 401') under salinity stress, a research was conducted under controlled conditions in factorial based on completely randomized design in three replicates. In the first phase, the zero-valent iron nanoparticles were synthesized and in the second phase, their optimal concentration was determined. In the third phase, the application effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticle in the optimum concentration along with iron chelates and control were evaluated under different levels of salinity (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl). According to the results of preliminary phase, 16 mg L^-1 of zero-valent iron nanoparticle was determined as the optimum concentration. In addition, the results of regression equations showed that when salinity increased, plants treated by zero-valent iron nanoparticle had lower reducing slopes for root length, stem diameter, plant dry weight, root dry weight and chlorophyll a + b (-0.0183, -0.011, -0.0064, -0.0022 and -0.0027 per unit respectively) or increasing slope for electrolyte leakage (0.0743 per unit) than both the control and iron chelates. Also, the most activity of the antioxidant enzymes, Catalase (CAT) and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) up to 90 mM NaCl and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) up to 120 mM NaCl achieved with using zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Overall, our findings indicated that the application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles under salinity stress had a positive effect on canola growth and performance as compared with the control and iron chelates.

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In order to investigate the effect of drought stress by application of hormone and nanoparticulate spraying on corn biochemical traits, a split factorial was used in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Varamin. Drought stress in two levels (drought stress and drought stress) and three growth regulators (application of gibberellic acid (200 ppm), application of cytokine (200 ppm) and lack of application of regulator and growth hormone) and three levels of nano Particles (application of silver nanoparticles (0.02%), application of zinc nanoparticles (0.02%) and application of nanoparticles were considered. The results showed that in all drought stress conditions, the traits under study were affected so that the levels of malondialdehyde, proline, superoxide dismutase, catalase increased and leaf protein, alpha-amylase and soluble sugar decreased. The application of gibberellin and cytokinin as well as application of silver and zinc nanoparticles reduced the effects of drought stress. In drought stress conditions, growth regulator application and nanoparticles resulted in increased proline levels. The use of gibberellin hormone with the application of silver and zinc nanoparticles reduced the amount of protein in the leaf. According to the results, the application of growth regulators and nanoparticles can help improve plant performance under drought stress conditions.
 

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Using bio nanoparticles plays an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles in plants has been considered as pesticides, protective agents and nutrients. Melissa Officnalis L. is a medicinal plant of the family of Lamiaceae, which has antibacterial, anticancer and antiviral properties. In this research effects of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on some physiological parameters of M. Officnalis L. was performed under pot condition in Basic Sciences Faculty of  University of Zabol, in 2017. Experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with 3 replications by silver nanoparticles treatment in four concentrations (100, 60, 20, 0 ppm). The results showed that different growth parameters including root and stem fresh weight, root and shoot length and protein content significantly increased under AgNPs, with the highest amount at 60 ppm AgNPs on day 15. Proline and carbohydrate also increased under different concentrations of AgNPs compared to control, with highest content at 100 ppm AgNPs on day 15. The maximum content of secondary metabolites, including phenol and flavonoids, was observed the at 100 ppm AgNPs on day 20. The maximum increase in the anthocyanin content was observed at concentration of 60 ppm AgNPs on day 15. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) under different concentrations of AgNPs led to a decrease in MDA content. According to the results of this study, AgNPs are suggested as a suitable stimulant for increasing growth and production of secondary metabolites.

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Due to the increasing production of nanoparticles in recent years and their applications in various applications such as medicine, imaging, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, microelectronics, coatings on various materials, etc., there are currently concerns about the potential hazard and environmental pollution. Nanoparticles have been created globally. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of copper oxide nanoparticle toxicity on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, protein and germination indices of canola, and also to investigate the effects of humic acid on nanoparticle toxicity in laboratory environment. An experiment was conducted at the germination stage of rapeseed (Octopus cultivar) to investigate the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles in concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000 mg per liter and humic acid in concentrations of 0, 100 mg / L, in 3 replicates, a factorial in a completely randomized design. The results showed that, with increasing concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles, the levels of activity of all four superoxide dismutase enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase increased (5.00, 2.9, 2.00, 2.35), respectively, but the amount of protein 2 times lower. Germination indices (root length, stem length) also decreased (39.3, 56.6, 12.7), respectively. The use of humic acid reduced the toxicity effects of copper oxide nanoparticles, especially at the level of 2000 mg / L, so that the root length, stem, root and shoot stomatal length (respectively) 68/9, 0/3, 0/6, 5/5) decreased compared to the control. It can be stated that humic acid can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase growth by increasing the activity of quasi-hormonal activity.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to have many unique physical and chemical properties. Because of these features, they accelerate the germination process, root growth, and photosynthesis rate that can result in increased crop productivity. In the present study, the effects of 4 multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) levels including 0 (control), 50 (low concentration), 100 (moderate concentration), and 200 (high concentration) mg/l were evaluated on morphological and anatomical characteristics of stem, root and leaf in two Okra cultivars namely Bamia and Emerald. In both cultivars, the value of height and biomass of shoot and root increased after addition of 50 and 100 mg/l MWCNTs. Based on microscopic results, the root and shoot diameters in both cultivars more affected by increased cortex thickness and central cylinder in 50 and 100 mg/l of MWCNTs treatments whereas these parameters were more affected by increased cortex thickness in the high concentration of MWCNTs. Our study indicated that the thickness of mesophylls and spongy layers increased in low level of MWCNT, whereas these parameters were decreased in moderate and high levels of MWCNT in both cultivars. The statistical analysis showed that Stomata size increased value in low and moderate levels of MWCNT in Bamia cultivar. In this study Stomata index measurement showed that this parameter was increased in moderate and high levels of MWCNT only in Emerald cultivar. We observed that diameter of xylem and phloem in the shoot were increased in low (50 mg/l) and moderate (100 mg/lit) levels of MWCNTs whereas these parameters were decreased in high MWCNT level. Although this study revealed that low treatments of MWCNTs caused an increase of root xylem diameter in both cultivars.
 

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In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of iron and magnesium nano-chelate fertilizers on morphophysiological characteristics of Vigna sinensis L., an experiment was conducted in Shahroud University of Technology in 2010-2011. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included five levels of iron (0, 0.25, 0.5 g/l of nanoparticles and the same concentration of normal iron) as the first factor and foliar application of magnesium with three levels (zero, 1% concentration of nanoparticles and the same concentration of normal magnesium) as a second factor. The traits of stem height, number of branches, distance from the first pod from soil surface, pod length, leaf area index, yield and yield components, Greenness Index, iron and magnesium elements and seed protein were measured. The results showed that the effect of different levels of iron and magnesium on all traits except grain protein was significant. The highest stem height, distance between the first pods from the soil surface and leaf area index were observed in the nano-iron treatment 0.25 g/l and 1% nano magnesium. The iron composition of 0.25 g/l and nano magnesium had the highest number of lateral branches (5.46 branches per plant) and sheath length (16.56 cm). While the Greenness Index traits and the amount of iron and magnesium in leaves, had the highest efficiency in 0.5 grams per liter iron in both nano and normal forms, with normal magnesium treatment. However, the highest grain protein (22.35%) was produced by using nano-iron at 0.25 g/l alone.The highest yield resulted from the application of Fe (0.5 g/l) × nano- magnesium with mean of 2377.73 kg/h and the lowest values were for the nano magnesium (792/55 kg/h). One of the reasons for the observed increase in yield in Fe (0.5 g / L) × nano magnesium was the increase in the number of pods per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds. Amongst the yield components, number of seeds per pod were the highest when Fe × magnesium applied. It seems that in all of the morphological and physiological traits, the leaf area index was the best with Fe (0.25 g/l) (both nano and normal forms) ×nano magnesium treatment. While in the traits of yield and other physiological traits iron treatments of 0.5 grams per liter (both nano and normal forms) were superior to normal magnesium.

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In order to investigate the effects of foliar spraying of iron nanoparticles on improvement of some physiological and morphological traits of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) under cadmium stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included cadmium chloride in six levels (0, 25, 50, 75,100 and 125 mg/kg soil) and foliar spring of iron nanoparticles in five levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/l). The results showed that The interction effects of iron nanoparticles and cadmium was significant on leaf area, root dry weight and proline content at 5% and leaf dry weight and chlorophyl contents (SPAD number) at 1% probablity level. The leaf area respond a linear decrease trend with increasing cadmium levels at levels of 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/l of foliar spraying of iron nanoparticles. By contrast, respond it was respond as a segmented model at concentration of 0.25 g/l. Foliar spraying of iron nanoparticles at all four levels increased root dry weight to 25 mg/kg of cadmium, but at levels above 25, the root dry weight decreased at higher level of Cd. Meanwhile, the concentration of 0.5 g/l of foliar spraying of iron nanoparticles had the most effect on root dry weight by 34.80% increase as compared to the control. SPAD value increased in both levels of 0.5 and 0.75 to 25 mg/kg of soil cadmium, 11.19 and 28.99% respectively, as compared to the control. In general, our results, indicated that foliar application of iron nanoparticles was effective to improve cadmium tolerance in purslane plant in low cadmium concentrations. However, more research is needed to investigate the mechanism of iron nanoparticles.

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Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting plant growth and development and has negative effects on morphological and physiological parameters of plants. Therefore, various compounds have been used to reduce the harmful effects of this stress. According to previous studies, metal nanoparticles have both negative and positive effects on different plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate interaction effects of different concentrations of ZnO nanoparticle and NaCl on morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigments and protein content in Ardestanian and mashhadian cultivar of Fenugreek. Factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications and three levels of ZnO nanoparticle (0, 1000 and 3000 ppm) and four levels of NaCl (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM) were used. The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased shoot and root fresh weight, as well as the percentage of relative water content root at 225 mM NaCl in both cultivars. The highest fresh weight of shoot in Mashhadian cultivar was observed in the interaction of 75 mM NaCl and 1000 ppm of ZnO nanoparticle. In general, ZnO nanoparticles improved fresh and dry weight in both cultivars. In Ardestanian cultivar, the highest amount of phenol was observed in the concentration of 3000 ppm of nanoparticle and 225 mM NaCl, also the highest flavonoid content was observed in the interaction of 3000 ppm of nanoparticle and 150 mM NaCl. The highest photosynthetic pigments were observed at interaction of 75 mM NaCl and 3000 ppm of nanoparticle in two cultivars. Increasing the concentration of nanoparticle also led to a significant increase in carotenoids in both cultivars. The most antioxidant activity based on IC₅₀ was in Mashhadian cultivar and in the interaction of 225 mM NaCl and 3000 ppm of nanoparticle. The results of this study showed that the application of ZnO nanoparticle under salt stress caused the growth of the plant to improve.
 

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According to the upward rate of the production and release of nanoparticles in nature, it is nessesary to consider about the possibility of toxicity and oxidative damage to plant ecosystem. So this research aimed to compare biochemical and antioxidant indices of Onion treated with different concentrations of two types of silver nanoparticles (green synthesis and chemical synthesis) and exploring the probability of oxidative stress induction. In this study, the leaf extract turning from pale yellow to dark brown, due to surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles, indicated the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The absorption spectrum of the synthesized silver nanoparticles shows a peak with λ_max of 410 nm. TEM images revealed a uniform size of the synthesized particles, with almost spherical shape and the size range between 3-10 nm, with an average of 5.8 nm. XRD analysis revealed that green synthesized silver nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. According to the results, both antioxidant enzymes represented linear increases in exposure to the chemical nanoparticles. Both nanoparticle caused the increase in lipid peroxidation, but green synthesized nanoparticles had no significant difference with control. The most phenol content belonged to chemical nano-silver (15.16 mg galic g^-1 FW at a concentration of 0.05 gr l^-1) and the least value to control (4.1 mg galic g^-1 FW). The antioxidant activity of chemical nanoparticles was 8 times larger than the green nanoparticles. According to the results of this research, green nanoparticle not only did not have an oxidative effect on onion, but also some stimulatory effect was seen. But, the chemical nanoparticles, provoked plant defense reactions, by inducing oxidative stress, besides the inhibitory effect was dose-dependent.