Journal of Plant Process and Function

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Abstract: In this study, the effect of jasmonic acid concentrations on secondary metabolites in Thymus vulgaris L. was examined. Second metabolites were analyzed by GC/MS chromatography. The results showed that major compounds were Thymol, Cavacrol, P- cymen, Linalol, γ- terpinen and Borneol. Different levels of jasmonic acid had different effects on content of these metabolites. Results showed that in plants that treated with 200 µM jasmonic acid Thymol increased significantly but decreased in 50 and 400 µM. 200 µM jasmonic acid increased Carvacrol significantly. 50 and 200 µM jasmonic acid didn,t have significant effect on Linalol content but 400 µM jasmonic acid decreased significantly Linalol. γ- terpinon increased significantly in 50 µM but decreased in 200 µM jasmonic acid. P- cymen content increased with 50 and 200 µM jasmonic acid and Borneol content decreased in 50 µM jasmonic acid. Therefore we concluded that different concentration of jasmonic acid had different effect on secondary metabolites in Thymus vulgaris in this research. Key .

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Thyme is one of the best known genera within Labiatae family, because of its more than 250 species and its antimicrobial and antispasmodic uses. At the present time, demand for thyme products are increasing and hence research demand is increasing. Environmental factors such as drought can affect plant growth and production. Phytohormones take a crucial role in this stress. Indicated T. serpyllum as the most tolerant and T. vulgaris as the most susceptible genotypes to water deficit stress been used. At the end of stress period, shoot dry weight , water content,  water potential and soil moisture were measured. Based upon these traits, tolerant plants known as water saver plants, while, sensitive plants behaved as water spender plants. This experiment was conducted at the University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences in 2013. During the stress, leaf samples were harvested and analyzed through mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach. The results of tolerant plants indicated significant increase in drought-stressed plant rather than control plants as follows: 173% increase in salysilic acid, 133% increase in neoxantin (abscisic acid substrate), 166% of auxin and 180% of gibberellic acid. Nevertheless, sensitive plants showed significant increase in jasmonic acid 132%, salysilic acid 242% and decrease in neoxanthin 62% and gibberellic acid 36%. Auxin had non-significant difference between stressed and control plants of sensitive populations. Increasing of neoxanthin in tolerant plants occurred with water content maintenance and decreased shoot dry weight. This experiment confirmed the key role of abscisic acid and salysilic acid in drought stress tolerance mechanism. Even though, it seems overall response of plant to drought stress is the result of all the phytohormones interaction. Increasing ABA precursor caused growth inhibition in drought tolerant plants, which eventually provided less water usage. Since, sensitive plants didn’t exhibit neoxantin elevation, which seems it is due to being lower than water potential threshold.

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The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide on cellular response and production of secondary metabolites in Catharanthus roseus callus. The Cell suspension and callus of C. roseus were treated with sodium nitroprusside, then cell viability, morphology, the amount of H₂O₂, proline, lipid peroxidation, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were evaluated. Also production of total antioxidant, alkaloid, flavonoid and phenolic compounds were estimated. A Significant (p<0.05) reduction was observed in viability according to the dose of treatment. Also the amounts fo H₂O₂, proline, total antioxidant, alkaloid, flavonoid, and total phenolic compounds and the activity of the investigated enzymes significantly increased. Malondialdehyde  level as a lipid peroxidation indicator was significantly increased in response to treatment. In conclusion we may announce that the sodium nitroprusside caused cellular membrane damage due to oxidative stress, but an increase in the production of secondary metabolites was observed too. Exogenous NO treatment might be a useful way to increase production of alkaloids at cellular level.

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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) could provide specific quality and quantity of light for normal plant growth. Melissa officinalis L. is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world that has many applications in drug and flavoring industris. We cultivated lemon balm rhizomes in pot and placed the pots in four incubators containing LED lamps with the spectrum of red (100%), blue (100%), 70% red plus 30% blue and white (100%) with the intensity of 300 µmol.m^-2.s^-1 and in greenhouse conditions as a commercial control. The highest number of stems and leaves were observed in each pot at red lights and red + blue combination and the average height of the plants was the highest in the treatment with red light. Also these LEDs increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid but the ratio of chlorophyll a/b only had the highest amount at the incubator containing red LEDs. Rosmarinic acid amount in the leaves was the highest in red LED, so that it raised the amount of rosmarinic acid to 33/16 and 52/44 % compared to white LED  and samples grown in greenhouse, respectively, but the amount of this compound in plant roots was the maximum at greenhouse conditions. Since the responses of lemon balm plants grown under LED light sources were much better than the control samples, therefore, the use of artificial light sources such as LED lights is suggested as an alternative light source in the greenhouses for improving growth and raising active ingredients.

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In order to investigate the effect of Piriformospora indica endophyte fungi on quantity and quality of peppermint essential oil and physiological parameters under salt stress, An Research Field experiment of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Surrey in 2015 was conducted. Experiment arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The experiment was done in factorial arrangement based completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were application Piriformospora indica (including control and inoculation with P. indica) and four salinity levels of Caspian Sea water (0, 3, 6, 9 dS/m). ). Results showed that increasing of salt stress significantly decreased root colonization, leaf essential oil content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, plant dry matter yield and relative water content, and enhance the attributes of The Secondary Metabolites such as Menthol, Menthone and Methyl acetate, soluble sugars and percentage of electrolyte leakage when salt stress was increased. Fungi inoculation, however, markedly improved Total dry weight and photosynthetic pigments. Biological treatment also reduced the negative effects of salinity on leaf essential oil content, cell membrane stability and relative water content of leaf. Overall, it seems that applied P. indica Caused increased the essential oil of peppermint By stimulating plants to increase synthesis of secondary metabolites, And extending root system And increased water and nutrient absorption By fungus hyphae. In conclusion, our results reprsented the ameliorate effect of P. indica in saline conditions, and could increase resistance to stress, greatly improve the growth characteristics of peppermint.

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Using bio nanoparticles plays an important role in increasing agricultural productivity. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles in plants has been considered as pesticides, protective agents and nutrients. Melissa Officnalis L. is a medicinal plant of the family of Lamiaceae, which has antibacterial, anticancer and antiviral properties. In this research effects of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles on some physiological parameters of M. Officnalis L. was performed under pot condition in Basic Sciences Faculty of  University of Zabol, in 2017. Experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with 3 replications by silver nanoparticles treatment in four concentrations (100, 60, 20, 0 ppm). The results showed that different growth parameters including root and stem fresh weight, root and shoot length and protein content significantly increased under AgNPs, with the highest amount at 60 ppm AgNPs on day 15. Proline and carbohydrate also increased under different concentrations of AgNPs compared to control, with highest content at 100 ppm AgNPs on day 15. The maximum content of secondary metabolites, including phenol and flavonoids, was observed the at 100 ppm AgNPs on day 20. The maximum increase in the anthocyanin content was observed at concentration of 60 ppm AgNPs on day 15. The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) under different concentrations of AgNPs led to a decrease in MDA content. According to the results of this study, AgNPs are suggested as a suitable stimulant for increasing growth and production of secondary metabolites.

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In this study, rapeseed Okapi cultivar was treated under three NaCl levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) and four Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 80 mgL^-1) at flowering stage. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design (CRD) in the greenhouse of Biology Department of Urmia University, in 2015. Results showed that NaCl (100 mM) significantly enhanced total phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanin and phosphorus contents and increased ability to scavenge the DPPH radical scavenging activity. Treatment with ZnO NPs (80 mgL^-1) significantly elevated total phenolic and decreased anthocyanin, phosphorus and zinc contents and seed weight. Foliar application of ZnO NPs ameliorated the negative impacts of NaCl by reduction in phenolic, anthocyanin and phosphorus contents and elevation in seed oil content (20.82%) and seed weight (79.28%) at 50 mM salinity and 20 mgL^-1 of ZnO NPs compared to NaCl (50 mM) alone. In conclusion, foliar application of ZnO NPs at 20 mgL^-1 is recommended to farmers as replacement for fertilizers to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity stress.

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Lack of chickpea cultivars tolerant to extreme freezing is a limiting factor for autumn planting of this crop in cold areas. In this study, 58 Kabuli-type chickpea genotypes and a control (an international sensitive genotype) were planted in pots and first exposed to -10°C and then to -15°C after being acclimated in natural conditions. No destructive effect of -10°C was observed in plants. So, acclimation was repeated and plants were transferred to -15°C. Survival percentage was measured after three-weeks recovery period. In continue, 19 genotypes with higher survival percentage along with the control were exposed to temperatures of -16, -18 and -20°C after they were acclimated in controlled conditions. Experiments were arranged as Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Results indicated that seven genotypes had survival percentage more than 80%, 24 genotypes more than 25% and 25 genotypes could not survive in -15°C. MCC803 had the highest and MCC808 and MCC510 the lowest survival percentage. All the genotypes were killed in -18 and -20°C. Among 19 studied genotypes, eight were able to tolerate -16°C. Among factors affecting cold tolerance such as soluble carbohydrates, proline, total phenol, photosynthetic pigments, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and malondialdehyde, soluble carbohydrates showed significant positive correlation with chickpea survival percentage. Generally, among the studied genotypes four genotypes (MCC53, MCC770, MCC776, MCC809 and MCC815) are recommended as promising genotypes for freezing tolerance.
 

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Dehydration stress is known as one of the factors limiting the growth and production of crops in Iran. The potassium element plays an important role in plant vital activities and inhibits the destructive effects of low water stress. Use of nanofertilizer in order to accurately control the release of nutrients, can be an effective step towards achieving sustainable agriculture and compatible with the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological traits influenced by potassium nano-chelated on dehydration tolerance in wheat.
For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a laboratory of Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, in 2015, with three replications. The first factor was dehydration at three levels of osmotic potential of 8-, 4-, 0 times,, the second factor included two Rasad and Gascogne cultivars and the third factor was potassium nano-chelated with concentrations of 0, 35 and 65 mg / L. The stress was conducted out at stage 3 to 5 leaf. First sampling five days after applying low water stress by polyethylene glycol 6000 and the nano-chelated potassiom spray solution was applied to the leaves. The results showed that the stress increased the activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase and metabolites such as soluble sugars, proline and total protein. The Cascogen cultivar showed significant changes in most of the measured traits compared to the observation Rasad significant changes, as a result, this cultivar is tolerant to water stresses.. In general, the application of concentration of 65 mg / l of potassium nano-chelated decreased the effects of stress on measured traits and in some cases, it increases plant defense mechanisms in response to destructive effects of stress such as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and plant adaptation metabolites. Among the concentrations used by nano-chelated, 65 mg / l had the highest effect in 8- barrel stress and could be recommended for farmers in terms of impact.
 
 

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St. John’s wort is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat depression and wound healing. Natural resource dependency and traditional cultivation methods often require months and years of time to reach medicinal plants. Establishing a hairy root suspension culture system can accelerate proliferation on a large scale, improve breeding and protect the species, but optimization and production on a large scale require an increase in the biomass and secondary metabolites of the root. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of myo-inositol (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, and 275 mg / l) were evaluated on biomass, phenol, flavonoid, DPPH activity and secondary metabolites in St. John's wort adventitious root in Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute-Central Region of Iran. The results showed that 125 and 150 mg L^-1 myo-inositol concentration had the highest dry weight, growth rate and growth ratio. The concentrations of 100 and 250 mg L^-1 myo-inositol have been showed the highest and lowest amount of hypericin and pseudohypercin, respectively. From the viewpoint of production of hyperforin, the treatment with 100 mg L^-1 myo-inositol was highest and the concentration of 125 mg L^-1 had the least effect on the level of hyperforin in St. John's wort adventitious root culture. There was a significant difference between treatments in terms of phenol and flavonoid content, so the concentration of 75 and 225 mg L^-1 and 75 mg L^-1 myo-inositol had the highest amount of phenol and flavonoids. The DPPH activity changes were different between treatments, and the 50 mg L^-1 showed the lowest amount of DPPH activity. However, the DPPH activity was highest in treatment with 75 mg L^-1 myo-inositol concentration. Since the potential for stimulating secondary metabolites varies among cultures, elicitors, conditions for applying different treatments and other parameters, further research is needed to optimize better and more efficient guidelines.

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Capers (Capparis spinosa) are one of the valuable medicinal plants that can grow in a wide range of ecological situations. In order to investigate the effect of climate on the physiological compounds of this plant, plant samples were collected in late summer with three replications from the mountainous areas of Amol city (Nemarestaq, Delarestaq and Behrestaq) at four altitudes with a difference of 150 meters (minimum altitude 850 meters). Some physiological traits of leaves and fruits were measured and analyzed by compound analysis in a completely randomized design. Data analysis showed that all the measured traits were affected by climate and were statistically significant, so that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, vitamin C, phenol, flavonoids, anthocyanins, antioxidants at an altitude of 1650 meters in Behrestagh region with 6.75, 10.56, 3.59, 15.60, 24.66 mg/g fresh weight, 4.51, 2.55 μmol/g fresh weight and 81.78% inhibition, respectively, and the lowest was observed at an altitude of 850 meters in Nemarstagh area. Regression slope also proved the significant relationship between traits and region and altitude, and antioxidant capacity which is the most important medicinal property of this plant, along with chlorophyll a, had the highest relationship (r² = 0.93). Also, the analysis of Pearson simple correlation coefficients showed a positive and significant effect between the traits. In general, with increasing altitude, an increase in the amount of measured physiological compounds that have medicinal effects was observed, so it is possible to develop the cultivation of some medicinal plants close to this family in the highlands.

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The present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cadmium on some physiological parameters and changes in secondary metabolites in the medicinal plant Mellissa Officinal L. under in vitro culture conditions. For this purpose, first sterile seeds of Mellissa Offcinali L. were sterilized and then cultured in MS medium. Then 28-day-old seedlings were transferred to MS medium containing different concentrations of cadmium nitrate (0,150 and 300 μM) and kept in the culture room under controlled conditions. Also, callus obtained from stem explants were transferred to hormonal medium (0.25 mg L-1 2,4-D and 5 mg L-1 BAP) containing different concentrations of cadmium (0,150 and 300 μM). Four weeks after treatment, photosynthetic pigments and levels of anthocyanin, phenols and flavonoids in seedlings were evaluated. Also, changes in secondary metabolites were investigated through GC-mass analyzes in calluses and seedlings of Mellissa Officinal L. The results showed that increasing the concentration of cadmium nitrate in the medium decreased the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids and anthocyanin in seedlings. With increasing the amount of cadmium nitrate in the medium, the content of phenols and flavonoids increased significantly. The results of GC-mass showed significant changes in the amount of secondary metabolites and essential oil of Mellissa Officinal L seedlings and calli under cadmium stress. Most changes were found in γ -3-carn, transcarveole, citronlal, citronellol. Citral and β-caryophylline.
 

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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress and vermicompost biofertilizer on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Thymus vulgaris in greenhouse of Khorramabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center in a completely randomized design with three replications. The pot experiment was performed. Factors included vermicompost fertilizer levels at 0, 30, 50 and 70% of pot volume and water stress including post-discharge irrigation (85 (control), 70 (moderate stress), and 55 (severe stress). The moisture content was the field capacity. The results showed that with increasing drought stress, the amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b), antioxidant enzyme catalase, protein, secondary metabolites of alpha-terpinene, thymol and carvacrol and morphological traits of plant height, number of sub-branches, fresh weight and dry weight of plants decreased significantly, but drought stress of antioxidant enzymes and hydrogen peroxidase significantly increased the amount of unstructured soluble sugars and amino acid proline. Increased consumption of vermicompost significantly increased chlorophyll b, hydrogen peroxidase, alphaterpinene, thymol, carvacrol, essential oil percentage, plant height, number of sub-branches, fresh weight and dry weight of plant, but chlorophyll a and unstructured soluble sugars reduced. According to the results of this experiment, with increasing the severity of drought stress, despite the plant's antioxidant defense and osmotic regulation, the production of most secondary metabolites and the growth of the thyme stress-sensitive plant decreased significantly; However, consumption of vermicompost increased secondary metabolites, growth and fresh and dry weight of the plant.

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Sweet violet (Viola odorata) is a perennial herbaceous plant with ornamental and medicinal properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water-deficit and spraying with salicylic acid, sodium nitroprusside and zinc Nano-oxide on physiological parameters, secondary metabolites and enzymatic activity of sweet violet. Factorial experiment in completely randomized design was performed with two factors; water-deficit stress at 3 levels (55, 65 and 85% of field capacity or FC of pot soil) and sprays including salicylic acid (200 and 300 mg/l), zinc Nano-oxide (1000 and 1500 mg/l) and sodium nitroprusside (200 and 300 μM) in three replications. The results showed that with increasing water-deficit stress, the amount of phenolic compounds, proline and phytol, as well as the percentage of secondary metabolites, antioxidant enzyme activity and plasma membrane stability increased. The highest phenolic compounds (57.07 mg/galic acid/g D.W.) and proline content (52.47 mg/kg F.W.) were obtained in the treatment of 300 μM sodium nitroprusside at 55% of field capacity. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase (1.94 EU/mg/pro./min), catalase (0.198 EU/mg/pro./min) and polyphenol oxidase (0.248 EU/mg/pro./min) were obtained in treatments of 200 mg/l salicylic acid and 200 and 300 μM sodium nitroprusside, respectively, in 55% FC. The highest amount of phytol (2.87%) belonged to the control treatment in 55% of FC. The highest amount of sodium (28.60 mg/kg) and phosphorus (0.60 mg/kg) in control plants in 55% stress and potassium (4.29 mg/kg), iron (306 mg/kg F.W.) and dry matter percentage of shoots (26.23) and roots (27.60) was observes in spraying with 1000 mg/l of zinc nanoparticles in stress 85%, 1500 mg/l zinc oxide in stress 65%, 200 μM salicylic acid in stress 85% and 1000 mg/l of zinc Nano-oxide in 55% stress, respectively. Totally, the use of 200 mg/l of salicylic acid as spray, in addition to improving the growth and developmental conditions of sweet violet, decreased the negative effects of water-deficit stress and increased plant resistance to water-deficit.
 

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Drought stress is one of the most important factors threatening the growth and development of ornamental plants around the world. Clearly, the use of active ingredients that increase drought resistance in plants is very important to reduce the economic losses of ornamental plants in landscapes. For this aim, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium hydrochulfide on Amaranthus plant (Amaranthus tricolor' early splendor') under deficit irrigation in a factorial design in the form of complete random design. Plants were treated with sodium bisulfide (0, 0.5, 1.5 mM) in the greenhouse for three weeks and then subjected to deficit irrigation (90, 80, 70, and 60% of field capacity). As the drought stress increased, the relative water content decreased, such that deficit irrigation (60% FC) reduced the relative water content by 78.9%. Sodium hydrochulfide reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation on secondary metabolites (phenol and flavonoid) as well as osmotic regulator (proline), and a concentration of 1 mM increased stress resistance. Ion leakage was reduced by the use of sodium hydrochulfide during high deficit irrigation. 1 mM sodium hydrogen sulfide, with increased antioxidant activity, reduced malondialdehyde by 23.4% and 23% under deficit irrigation conditions 60 and 70% FC, respectively. The application of sodium hydrogen sulfide reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation on Amaranthus growth traits by increasing secondary metabolites, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant activity. Overall, our results suggested that the application of sodium hydrosulfide as a producer of hydrogen sulfide could be considered as a strategy to maintain the growth of ornamental plants under deficit irrigation.

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Medicinal plants contain valuable active compounds that are produced in limited quantities under natural conditions, so the use of methods such as tissue culture and stimulant materials is useful to produce more secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate and LED lights as two elicitors on physiologic and secondary metabolites in the roots of 30-day-old licorice seedlings in MS media were investigated. In this study, concentrations of zero, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 μM methyl jasmonate as well as blue, red and blue+red light treatments, were used in three replications in a completely randomized design. The results showed that flavonoid content at wavelengths of 300 nm at a concentration of 1 μM methyljasmonate showed a significant increase compared to the control. According to results, the amount of phenolic compounds in methyl jasmonate treatment increased at a concentration of 1 μM and in blue light treatment. The highest activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase was observed in blue light, but the greatest amount of glycyrrhizin (12.10 µg/g FW) was recognized in red light treatment. Also, red light significantly increased the growth and proliferation of plants compared to other treatments. In general, it can be concluded that the use of stimulants such as methyl jasmonate and red and blue lights increases the amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants.

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Polyploidy, as one of the main factors in the speciation and adaptation of plants, can increase the pharmaceutical constituents of medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a perennial plant from the Lamiaceae family with various medicinal properties. This study aimed to analyze and compare some phytochemical characteristics, such as essential oil and phenolic acid contents and examine the expression of some genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of phenolic acids in diploid and induced tetraploid plants of S. officinalis by GC-MS and real-time PCR, respectively. The results revealed that S. officinalis essential oil components such as α-pinene, camphene, camphor, borneol, and fenchyl acetate were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in tetraploid plants compared with diploids. Furthermore, tetraploidy increased the level of phenolic acids of gallic, caffeic, rutin, coumaric, rosmarinic, quercetin, cinnamic, apigenin, and chlorogenic acids in S. officinalis. Also, based on RT-PCR results, a higher expression of C4H (Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase), PAL1 (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), 4CL (4-Hydroxycinnamate coenzyme A ligase), TAT (Tyrosine aminotransferase), HPPR (Hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase), and CYP98A14 (cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase) genes involved in their biosynthesis pathway was observed tetraploids compared with diploids. The results confirmed that polyploidy breeding in medicinal plants could be applied to enhance secondary metabolite production.

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Carnation is one of the most important cut flowers in Iran and the world, and it has high economic importance. One of the important problems of cut carnation flowers is their sensitivity to bacteria at the end of the stem, which diminishes their vase life through the production of toxic substances and vascular blockage. In the present study, sodium hypochlorite (100, 200 and 400 mg/l), ephedra plant extract (10, 20 and 40%) and sagebrush essential oil (1, 2 and 4%) were used in order to remove vascular obstruction and increase the vase life of cut carnation flowers. Distilled water was considered a control. The results showed that the treatment of 100 mg/l of sodium hypochlorite increased the vase life to 13.83 days, which was about 4 days more than the control. This treatment also caused the highest amount of water absorption and percentage of dry matter, the least bacterium number in vase solution and stem end, and the highest rate of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. The cut flowers of the control had the highest number of bacterium in the vase solution and stem end, the most fresh weight loss, and the highest rate of peroxidation of membrane lipids. The highest level of peroxidase enzyme activity was observed in cut flowers treated with 10% sagebrush plant essential oil. In most of the traits, the extract of ephedra and the essential oil of the sagebrush plant had less effect on the improvement of the measured traits than sodium hypochlorite. In total, in the present study, the treatment of 100 mg/l of sodium hypochlorite is introduced for the induction of the highest post-harvest longevity of cut carnation flowers.

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Haplophyllum tuberculatum is a valuable medicinal plant containing various chemical compounds that have various medicinal and industrial uses. It grows in the habitats of Iran, including the south and west of Iran. In this research, the impact of some soil and climate factors was evaluated on the performance and chemical compounds in essential oils in different phenological stages. Some of these compounds were reported for the first time. In order to determine the constituents of the essential oil, the aerial parts of the plant were specifically collected at different stages of the phenology and dried under environmental conditions. The variables used include soil, climate, physiography and essential oil compounds in different regions. A total of 38 types of chemical compounds of plant essential oil were identified in Khuzestan, Bushehr and Kohgiluyeh provinces and were identified in different phenological stages. The results of PCA showed that the composition of β-phellandrene and bornyl acetate were influenced by the organic matter and number of frost days. The most important components of the essential oil were identified as p-simene, beta-phlandrene, linanol, bornyl acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, (E) 9-octadecanoic acid and n-pentacosane. A total of 38 types of chemical compounds of plant essential oil were identified in the habitats and were identified in different phenological stages. The results showed that the highest percentage of essential oil yield was related to the vegetative stage and in Gachsaran region. Amount of organic compounds were higher in the vegetative stage compared to the flowering stage, and the percentage of major compounds showed significant differences in different habitats and was higher in the flowering stage. According to the results, the most suitable habitats with the highest yield and quality of essential oil are in the Gachsaran and Ramhormoz regions, respectively, and environmental factors such as soil organic matter and temperature stress play an important role in the composition of essential oils in the habitats, which can be used to select suitable habitats and ecotypes for managing exploitation, plant breeding and production.