Journal of Plant Process and Function

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Yahya Emam1*, Hedayatallah Karimzadeh Soureshjani1, Saeed Moori and Kobra Maghsoudi1 1Department of agronomy and plant breeding, College of Agricultural, Shiraz University (Received: 3 September 2012 Accepted: 4 May 2013) Abstract: In order to evaluate some biochemical responses of bread wheat (Shiraz cultivar) and durum wheat (Yavarous cultivar) to late season water stress and different auxin and cytokinin levels, a field experiment was carried out in research farm of the collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University during 2010-2011 growing season using a split split factorial as randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (normal and cutting off water at anthesis), wheat cultivars (Shiraz and Yavarous) and factorial combination of auxin (0, 20 and 40 mg/L) and cytokinin (0, 50 and 70 Mm) levels were considered as main, sub and sub sub plats, respectively. The results showed that flag leaf proline and catalase content were increased linearly upon cutting off irrigation at anthesis while, proline and catalase content did not show any significant changes after anthesis under normal irrigation conditions. Moreover, proline content in Yavarous cultivar was found to be significantly greater than Shiraz cultivar. Among cytokinin concentrations, the highest catalase activity was obtained from control treatment. As cytokinin concentrations were increased, catalase activity was decreased under well watered conditions. Peroxidase activity was increased under irrigation cut off conditions, and was enhanced with time lapse from anthesis. Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and total of foliage leaf were greater under cut off irrigation conditions. Deep understanding of biochemical responses of wheat cultivars to late season drought stress and its interaction with plant growth regulator needs further complimentary research. yaemam@gmail.com

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Soil pollution with heavy metals is an important environmental problem which affects human and food health. Neotyphodium endophytes are a group of fungi which spend their entire life cycle within the aerial portion of many grass species without any symptoms, and increase host tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, two genotypes of tall fescue (75 B and 75 C) in two types (infected (E+) and non-infected (E-) by endophyte) were cultivated in a Ni contaminated soil at 0, 30, 90 and 180 mg Ni per kg with 3 replicates. After 2 months, Ni uptake of the root and shoot as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid content of the shoot were measured. Growth parameters including root and shoot wet weight and root to shoot weight ratio of plants were also measured at the end of the experiment. The results showed that endophytic fungi caused an increase in chlorophyll contents of the shoots in the both genotypes and an increase in Ni uptake only in genotype 75 B. Results also demonstrated that endophyte infection led to improvement in the growth and Ni tolerance within genotype 75 B of tall fescue under Ni stress. But in the genotype 75 C, in contrast, the E- plants showed more tolerance to Ni stress compared to E+ plants. It revealed that how the effects of endophyte infection in Festuca plants as the host were dependent on the host genotype.

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This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of supplementary irrigation and application of Zn and K fertilizers on physiological characteristics of chickpea. The experiment was conducted in a split plot-factorial using randomized complete blocks design with three replications at campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Supplementary irrigation in two levels (W1= non irrigation and W2= supplementary irrigation at podding stage) was considered as main-plot on the other hand, combination treatments of Zn fertilizer in four levels (Zn1=0, Zn2=20, Zn3=40 and Zn4=60kg/ha) and K fertilizer in three levels (K1=0, K2=50 and K3=100kg/ha) were considered as sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of irrigation on all studied physiological characteristics were significant excluding chlorophyll-a and RWL. Likewise, the effect of Zn fertilizer on all parameters was significant. Moreover, the effect of K fertilizer on all parameters was significant excluding chlorophyll SPAD. Based on the results, supplementary irrigation increased the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, chlorophyll-ab and relative water content (RWC). Under drought stress condition, proline content and storage protein were more than supplementary irrigation treatment. In the same way, application of K fertilizer improved all parameters excluding RWC. Application of 40kg Zn fertilizer improved all parameters in chickpea. In irrigation condition and already application of Zn and K fertilizers as much as optimum amount plant had a good physiological status and produced highest yield, too.

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In order to evaluate the tolerance of some almond genotypes to salinity a pot experiment was carried out with 3 factors cultivar in 11 levels including Touno, Nonparaeil, Mamaie, Shokofeh, Sahand, Fragness, 1- 16, 1-25, A200,13-40 and GF677 and salinity in five levels including 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 g/l of sodium chloride with electrical conductivity 0.5, 2.5, 4.9, 7.3 and 9.8 ds/m, respectively during 30, 60 and 90 days in 2013. The results showed that salinity stress affected the young trees through increasing the amount of minimum fluorescence (FO) and decreasing the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and reducing variable fluorescence (Fv) as well as the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence from 0.83 in the control plants to 0.72 in the upper leaves and 0.70 in the bottom leaves of Sahand and GF677. The result of morphological characteristics showed that GF677 was tolerated to water salinity up to 4.9 ds/m however, higher range of salinity had negative impact on the above factors. Also, the results revealed that salinity stress duration is a key factor causeing several visible damages. Overall, according to morphological characteristics and leaves visual damages and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Feragness and Sahand cultivars were the most tolerant and sensitive genotypes to salinity stress, respectively.

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In order to investigate the effects of foliar application of salicylic and ascorbic acids on some physiological characteristics of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Williams) under salinity stress, a factorial pot experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with four replications in the summer 2012 in the Yasouj University. Factors were included of four levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and four levels of foliar application (water, salicylic acid (3 Mm), ascorbic acid (1.5 mM) and combination of salicylic acid 3 mM and ascorbic acid 1.5 Mm. Results showed that by increasing salinity, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids and proteins content and leaf area significantly decreased. Leaf water use efficiency significantly decreased by increasing salinity levels, so that maximum leaf water use efficiency obtained in the first salinity level and foliar application of ascorbic acid 1.5 Mm. Foliar application of salicylic acid 3 mM and ascorbic acid 1.5 Mm were regarded as the best treatments for mitigation of salinity impact on soybean leaf because of being superior at the highest level of salinity (150 Mm NaCl) for the total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content, photosynthesis, water use efficiency and leaf relative water content

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Half-sib mating is an appropriate approach to estimate additive variance component of quantitative traits. This research was conducted to estimate genetic parameters of physiological traits and their response to drought stress in Dactylis glomerata. Twenty five half sib families derived from poly cross of 25 parental genotypes were evaluated under two moisture environments (normal and drought conditions) according to a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Isfahan University of Technology. Results indicated that drought stress significantly affected forage yield. Significant difference was observed among the families for all of the studied traits except for ratio of total chlorophyll to carotenoid and relative water content. Drought stress increased traits with respect to chlorophyll a/b and prolin in stress condition compared with normal condition while other traits decreased in drought condition. Genotypic coefficient of variation varied between 4.5 to 31.08 % under non-stress condition and from 5.7 to 66.27% in drought condition indicating high genetic variation in this germplasm. The highest narrow sense heritability was related to total chlorophyll (78%) and the lowest one was related to relative water content (29%) in non stress condition. Also, highest and lowest narrow sense heritability were related to proline content (66%) and relative water content (17%) respectively. Regarding high heritability of proline content and chlorophyll b under drought stress, indirect selection through these traits may facilitate breeding for drought tolerance.

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Naser Karimi* and Zahra Souri2 Department of Biology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran (Received: 13 December 2013, Accepted: 11 May 2014) Abstract: Arsenic is considered as one of the most important environmental contaminant compounds. Arsenic is known to induce oxidative stress in plants by generating various reactive oxygen species and thus increased lipid peroxidation. Phosphorus has some physic-chemical similarities with arsenic which affects its metabolism in plant cell. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a measure of lipid peroxidation in membrane damage index. In this study, the interaction of arsenic and phosphorus on chlorophyll content and MDA accumulation of I. cappadocica, as a newly-discovered As hyperaccumulator, were investigated in hydroponic experiment. Plants were grown in a medium, embedded with combinations of 50, 200, 800 & 1200 μmol l−1 arsenic and 5, 50, 200, 800 & 1600 μmol l−1 phosphorus, respectively. The chlorophyll and MDA cnotent, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, arsenic and phosphorus concentration and boimass of harvestable parts were determined. The highest concentration of arsenic was obtained in plants treated with 1200 μmol l−1 as and 5 μmol l−1 phosphorus. Increased levels of phosphorus led to reduction of arsenic concentration, which confirmed there was an interaction between these two elements in plant. Along with a marked increase in arsenic concentration in the media, a built up in (MDA) and (H2O2) were observed. The insignificant reduction in biomass and chlorophyll content, illustrated the high resistance of this herb to arsenic.

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In order to evaluate the effects of both cold and light stresses on chlorophyll fluorescence and feasibility of using chlorophyll florescence technique to evaluate effect of light intensity on cold tolerance in soybean, an experiment was done in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replicates. Two soybean cultivars consisted of 032 and BP grown under greenhouse conditions. After three weeks, plants were kept in either 5 or 28 °C and either 2000 or 8000 lux of light intensity then chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was measured. Results showed that cold stress in both light intensities significantly decreased variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II [Y(II)] while increased quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical [Y(NPQ)], quantum yield of non-regulated non-photochemical [Y(NO)] and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). These parameters, however, generally more changed in 8000 than in 2000 lux. Under cold stress, reducing in Fv/Fm and increasing in NPQ was greater in 032 than BP cultivar. Also, in 032 cultivar, greater ratio of reduced Y(II) replaced by Y(NPQ) to avoid greater increase in Y(NO). Cold stress in two light intensities (2000 and 8000 lux) could damage to photochemical and photosynthetic systems in soybean plants, however, damage rate increased when light intensity increased from 2000 to 8000 lux. In cold stress conditions, cultivar 032 showed more tolerance than BP since it could dissipate more excessive energy through non-photochemical quenching and xanthophylls. Therefore, 032 cultivar showed more tolerance to cold stress and could be recommended particularly for regions with cold temperature along with higher light intensity.

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To find out the biochemical and physiological responses of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) medicinal plant to low temperature stress, a compeletly randomized design with three replications was conducted at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2013. Five months old of coneflower seedlings exposure to three temperature levels of 23 ºC (control), 4 and 4 ºC for 6 h and then electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA), enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), protein oxidation of the leaves, total phenols and flavonoids contents, percentage of DPPH free radical inhibition, as well as chlorophyll fluorescence parameters included F'm, F'v/F'm, qp, NPQ and ФPSII were determined. Results of experiment showed a significant increment of electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves where the highest electrolyte leakage (55.7%) and MDA (12.3 nanomol/ g FW) were obtained at 4 ºC. In this study, the maximun activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX) were recorded when coneflower seedlings exposure to temperature lower than 4 ºC. Activity of POD and PPO enzymes, however, were decreased when temperature reduced to 4 ºC. The highest total protein content was calculated at 4 ºC that showes about 65% increment than control. Low temperature stress reduced total phenolic and flavonoid content of seedlings. Also, the highest antioxidant capacity of leaves (0.93%) were measures in control seedlings. No significant differences were observed between the fluorescence parameters in dark-adapted leaves. In light-adapted leaves, F'm and F'v/F'm content decreased with increasing stress and the highest content of the NPQ and qP were recorded at 4 ºC. Meanwhile, the lowest ФPSII was obtained at 4 ºC. In conclusion, it seems that the coneflower plant relatively had good tolerance to low temperature stress to 4 ºC.

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Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that adversely affect plant growth and metabolism. Salt stress affects plant physiology at both whole-plant and cellular levels through osmotic and ionic stress effects. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity on photosynthetic pigment content and nutrient in Saltwort Plants (Seidlitzia rosmarinus L.), Experiment was carried out in completely random design (CRD) with 5 replicates. Treatments were composed of: control, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% (of dry soil bed’s weight). Indicated results, revealed a strong and negative relationship between increasing salinity intensity and all of measured parameters related to photosynthetic pigments. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F0, Fm, Fv/Fm, qP and NPQ showed significant changes at high levels of salinity stress (≥0.70% salt per weight of dried soil). Our results showed a competitive process among the measured nutrients ions. In conclusion, the saltwort (S. rosmarinus) plants tolerate salt stress through accumulating Na+ and Cl- ions different organs and the species is proposed for rehabilitation of saline soils.

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The effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, relative water content, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of eight safflower (‍Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes differing in salinity tolerance (4 salt tolerant and 4 salt sensitive) were evaluated. This study was conducted using a split plot design arranged as a completely randomized design replicated three times under greenhouse conditions. Salinity treatments were imposed by irrigating with Hoagland solution containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM of NaCl in a 30 days period. The results of analysis of variance showed significant effects of genotype, salinity, and genotype × salinity interaction for all the measured traits. Salinity stress led to an increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and peroxidase enzyme activity and a decrease in relative water content and catalase enzyme activity. Salt sensitive genotypes showed less catalase activity under salt treatments. Under salinity stress chlorophyll content of salt tolerant genotypes of safflower was higher than salt sensitive ones. The most salinity tolerant genotype PI-506426 recorded the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents under the highest salt stress.

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Violet has many application in landscaping and herbal medicine . Salicylic acid hormone and phosphorus Nano-fertilizer compounds are considered as effective in regulating physiological processes and plant secondary metabolites. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 agent salicylic acid and fertilizer phosphorus Nano-fertilizer in 3 replications. Spraying with different levels of 0 ,0.1 ,0.7 ,1.5 mM hormone salicylic acid and phosphorus Nano-fertilizer at levels of 0 ,0.5 ,1.5 and 3 g/l in three stages on violets was applied. Morphological parameters were including diameter and number of flowers, flower spikes shoot length ,fresh weight and dry matter percentage violet flower . Phytochemical and biochemical parameters including photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids ) and antioxidant capacity & anthocyanins with spectrophotometry and quercetin & rutin values were determined by HPLC. The results indicate that salicylic acid and phosphorus Nano impact on most morphological and phytochemical at 1 and 5 percent. Both treatments increased the levels of morphological characteristics and pigments. High levels of salicylic acid and lower phosphorus Nano improved secondary metabolites. So to achieve maximum plant biomass and optimizatied secondary methabolites, application of different concentrations of the hormone and phosphorus Nano to increase the characteristics value of medicinal and ornamental , is required.

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Drought stress is a critical and inevitable phenomenon damages successful crop production in various intensity every year in different parts of the world during different times. This research was done to evaluate the effects of drought stress on some traits related to leaf (leaf weight, leaf area and chlorophyll content) root (root weight) and shoot (weight and length) further enzymatic antioxidants activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in sensitive Hyola308 and resistant SLM046 cultivars of Brassica napus. Experiments were done according to factorial design on the base of completely randomized design with four replications for morphological and physiological traits and 2 replications for enzyme assays. Seedlings were cultured in MS medium suspension including 0%, 3%, 6%, 12% and 15% w/v PEG 6000. Leaf samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours after culture subsequently. Traits evaluation showed significant difference between two cultivars. Leaf area and weight, shoot length and root weight were decreased with the increment of PEG amounts and stress exposure time in both cultivars. Chlorophyll content in sensitive cultivar was higher than in resistant cultivar significantly. Drought stress induced significant shoot weight reduction in both cultivars. According to results, intensity of response and SOD activity in resistant cultivar was more than in sensitive cultivar. POD activity was high in SLM046 in severe drought condition and in Hyola308 this activity was increased at initial times of drought stress.

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Abstract Study of physiological reactions of recombinant inbreed lines (RILs) to drought stress could help to identify the actual drought tolerance mechanisms. In this view a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought stress on chlorophyll content , leaf proline content, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, peduncle length and plant height using 169 RILs, in the two separate simple Latis design with four replications using two moisture regime f normal and water deficit stress. Irrigation regimes performed based on Class A-pan of 70 and 130 mm evaporation from Class -A -pan and moisture content of soil in effected root depth. The RILs were obtained by crossing between a tolerant and sensitive wheat cultivar. The result of analysis of variance showed a significant difference among RILs. Drought stress caused a decrease in the chlorophyll content, leaf width, leaf length, peduncle length, leaf area and increase in the proline content. Although drought stress increased the proline content and decreased the peduncle length and leaf area in both tolerant and sensitive line groups, but these declines in tolerant lines was lower than sensitive lines. Therefore, It may be possible to use the physiological traits comprising proline amino acid content, peduncle length and leaf area as a selection tool for selecting drought tolerant lines in bread wheat.

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Abstract Thioredoxins are invoved in redox regulation of many cellular processes. In this study the role of NADP+-Thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) in the control of leaf senescence was investigated by biochemical characterization of Arabidopsis ntrc mutants. Forty days old wild type and two ntrc mutant lines were incubated either under normal dark-light or continous darkness regimes for 6 days as control and senescence treatment, respectively. Growth parameters, the contents of carbohydrates, pigments and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes were compared between wild type and ntrc mutant lines during dark induced senescence. Darkness led to decreased fresh and dry weights, chlorophylls and carotenoides, starch and protein contents in both wild type and mutant plants and there were no significant differences in the interactions of genotypes and treatments regarding to theses parameters. Darkness also induced the accumulation of anthocyanins, total and non-reducing sugars however, the accumulation of the carbohydrates in mutant lines was more pronounciated than wild type plants and again there were no significant differences in response of wild type and mutants to dark treatment. The activities of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase of mutant lines were significantly greater than wild type plants. While darkness decreased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase it led to increased activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase especially in the mutant lines. There were significant differences in the activities of all four enzymes between mutant and wild type plants in response to darkness. Thus, it appears that defects in NTRC mainly affects the activities of antioxidant enzymes rather than the other studied biochemical parameters of plants during the senescence process. This study might be useful in future breeding programs for controlling senecence process to achieve better performance of crop plants.

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To evaluate the effect of airborne dust on some physiological characteristics and yield of different wheat varieties, a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2013. The evaluated treatments were washing and un-washing shoots of various wheat varieties including Pishgam, Zarin and Behrang. Measured traits were as relative water content (RWC), SPAD, chlorophyll content (Chl), soluble protein of flag leaf (SP), stomatal conductance (SC), leaf temperature (LT) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fn). Results of this study showed that washing wheat shots aimed at removing dust particles had significant effect on grain yield and grain number per spike, leaf area index, leaf soluble protein, SPAD, stomatal conductance and leaf temperature. The results of the counting of number of seed position per spikelet and grain weight per spikelet showed that washing enhance the quality of both traits. In general, under dusty conditions, Phishgam cultivar had the highest grain yield.

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Aquatic environments are often received to industrial, agriculture and domestic effluents containing metals and caused biological problems for microalgae because they require to some of essential trace elements. In this research, solely effects of different concentrations of Zn (450, 900 and 1350 mg/l) and Mn (75, 150 and 225 mg/l), and their combined effects (450+75, 900+150, and 1350+225 from Zn+Mn in mg/l) on some physiological parameters of population dynamic, growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contains in green microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda were investigated under laboratory conditions of temperature of 22±2 ºC, photoperiod of 12 hours light : 12 hours dark, and light intensity of 80 µmol photons/m2/s. The experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications for a 22 days period. Results showed that the peak of population density obtained at 900 mg/L of Zn, 150 mg/l of Mn and their combination 900+150 mg/l of Zn+Mn. The maximum growth rates were 0.060, 0.058 and 0.056 /day for Zn, Mn and their combination, respectively. The minimum doubling time of population attained 11.6 days at 900 mg/l of Zn. The maximum chlorophyll a and total carotenoid were 1.8 and 93.2 mg/L, respectively, at 900 mg/L of Zn which had significant differences with other treatments. The findings of this study showed that increasing of Zn until 900 mg/L and Mn until 150 mg/l that resulted to improving of population, growth, chlorophyll a and total carotenoid in the S. quadricauda. As conclusion, this study illustrated that changing of Zn concentration in BBM medium had significant effects on cell density, chlorophyll a and total carotenoid. In addition, the Zn effects on physiological characters were higher than Mn and its increasing to concentration of 900 mg/l caused improving them in S. quadricauda.

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In order to investigate the effect of different levels of water stress on Satureja hortensis, a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was carried out in the greenhouse of Yazd University in 2014. The water stress treatments including 100, 75, 50 and 25 Percent of field capacity (FC) were applied. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly (p<0.01) decreased plant height, canopy cover volume, canopy cover surface, shoot dry weight and root dry weigh, root thickness as well as soluble sugars content. Also, proline, chlorophyll content and root length significantly increased under drought stress. The maximum amount of proline, a, b and total chlorophyll and root length was observed in 25% of field capacity. Maximum plant height, crown volume and leaf area was obtained at 75% of field capacity. The shoots and roots dry weight of and crown area was observed in plant treated at 100% of field capacity. The overall results of this study showed that S.hortensis with can be adapted to drought stress by using some avoidance mechanisms such as reduced plant height, plant volume, surface and crown diameter, shoot and root dry weight, root thickness and increasing of chlorophyll contents and proline.

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Nitrogen and and phosphorus are important components of plant nutrition. However inappropriate use of these nutrients can affect physiological aspects of plant. Therefore, in order to evaluate the response of some physiological parameters in purslane sucuulent plant to plant nutrition, an experiment was conducted as a RCBD with a split plot in time arrangement, which that nine levels of plant nutrition (T0: control (no fertilizer) T1: N-based broiler litter T2: P-based broiler litter T3: N-based cattle manure T4: P-based cattle manure + urea T5: chemical fertilizer equivalent T1 T6: chemical fertilizer equivalent T2 T7: chemical fertilizer equivalent T3 and T8: chemical fertilizer equivalent T4 as a main factor and two levels of harvest date (27 July and 16 August) as sub factor. The results indicated that fertilizer treatments significantly increased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content compared to the control (no fertilizer). In the first harvest, the T8 treatment (0.33 mg g-1) showed the lowest carotenoids content, In the second harvest, the lowest carotenoids content was obtained in T2 and T7 treatments (0.43 and 0.45 mg g-1, respectively) which that there were no significant difference among T1 and T3 treatments. Dry matter partitioning of leaf: stem in broiler litter treatments (60.3:39.7) was more balanced than cattle manure treatments (63.6:36.4). Nitrate amount of BL and CM treatments was significant lower than the chemical fertilizer treatments. In general, it can be concluded that purslane photosynthesis and production is more affected by broiler litter application than the chemical fertilizer and cattle manure, which that it causes a considerable increase in crop production and health.

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To study the effect of nanoparticle anatase on some parameters of strawberry plant (Queen Eliza) an experiment in randomized complete block design was carried out with 3 replications. Nano Anatase in seven concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5 mg per liter, with Hoagland solution for hydroponically grown plants (Cocopeat) was added to 4 times a week. At the end of the experimental period (3 months), chlorophyll content, TSS/TA, vitamin C, fruit set percentage, shoot and root dry weight and yield were measured and their data analyzed with SAS software. The results showed that nano-anatase at the highest concentration (11.5 mg/ ml) was best treatment and significantly increased all the different strawberry measured traits in this experiment.

Keywords: Titanium, chlorophyll, photo catalyst, nano.

*corresponding author, Email: mousa_mousawi@yahoo.com