Journal of Plant Process and Function

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Drought is a major factor that limiting plant growth. Mycorrhizal fungi can modified and improved water relation and drought stress with phosphorus and water absorption. In the other hand,Silicon is known as a positive factor that improved water and soil relation and reducing biotic and abiotic stress in some plants and resistant them against stress. Since the cucumber plants in early phase of growth need high water and dehydration can seriously reduce the performance of the excessive use of water in greenhouse cultures and fungal diseases .Therefore, the purpose of this research is investigation of mycorrhizal fungi and silicon in cucumber culture and water deficit .Thus, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replicates and 3 treatments (silicon 2/0 mM, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) and dry growing conditions) in the greenhouse were conducted on cucumber plant. The results showed that mycorrhizal fungi alone and with dry stress significantly increased phosphorus content in fruits, roots and leaves of the plant in . The content of proline, soluble sugar and reduced sugar increased in dry treatments.In plants that treated with silicon and dry the amount of sugar in fruits, leaves and roots increased significantly at 5% level. In mycorrhizal plant soluble sugar content in leaf and root increased significantly. Generally in this study we concluded that silicon and mycorrhizal treatment able to increase the amount sugar and proline content in cucumber plants and resistant this plant against water stress.

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One of the most important limiting factors of crop growth in the arid and semi-arid regions is water deficit. Mycorrhizal fungi is one of the most important microorganisms in the rhizosphere. The effects of these fungi apply via changes on some of the characteristics of roots and nutrients uptake in host plants under drought conditions. In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress on linseed, a field experiment was conducted as split-plot arrangement in RCBD with three replications at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture in Shahrekord University in 2013. Drought stress at four levels of no stress, mild, medium and severe stress as the main factor and inoculation with Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and no inoculation as sub factor were evaluated. The results showed that the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and drought stress treatment had significant effect on all measured traits. The interaction between mycorrhiza and drought stress treatments was significant in all measured traits except, aboveground fresh weight, root fresh weight, root length, root/shoot ratio and uptake of phosphorus. Drought stress decreased all measured traits, but increased root dry weight/shoot dry weight ratio. The results showed that the maximum (32.82%) and minimum (8.68%) root colonization rate were obtained in no drought stress + inoculated with G. intraradices and under hard stress + no inoculation of mycorrhiza respectively. Based on resulted in this experiment symbiosis of linseed with of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi caused increased in all traits. Keywords: Drought, Inoculation, Nutrient uptake, Symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi

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Endophytic fungi as the most important soil microorganisms through establishing a symbiotic relationship with various plants play an important role in improving growth and mineral nutrition of their host plants. This research investigates the effect of Piriformospora indica and mycorrhizal fungi treatments on phosphorus efficiency indices and increasing phosphorus deficiency tolerance stress in wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L). For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment in a completely randomized design with two fungal treatments including P. indica (inoculated & non-inoculated) and mycorrhizal fungi (non-inoculated, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossea and G. intraradices + G. mossea) in three replications was conducted under phosphorus-deficient conditions. After 60 days of planting and measuring some parameters like root and shoot dry weight, shoot P content and the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) in shoot, phosphorus efficiency indices were calculated. The results showed that the impact of studied microorganisms on the mentioned indices was significant at the 0.05 level, so that co-inoculation treatment of G. intraradices and P. indica in increasing growth parameters, P uptake efficiency, roots and shoots phosphorus-efficiency and stress tolerance index (STI) was reported as the most efficient microbial treatment. Individual treatment of P. indica due to higher potential in transferring P from root to shoot, had a more effective role in increasing shoot phosphorus concentration compared with other treatments. The results of this research shows that under P-deficiency conditions, the studied fungi resulted in increasing wheat tolerance to P- deficiency by increasing P-uptake, improving growth of roots and shoots and increasing GPX activity. It is worth mentioning that the effect of the studied fungi on wheat cultivars and their antioxidant responses to P deficiency stress may not be the same.

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Snapdragon flower is one of the beautiful ornamental plants that are also cultivated for medicinal purposes. The use of chemical fertilizers and their negative effects on human health have led to the advancement of the use of biological and organic fertilizers in agricultural products. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the application of fertilizers and mycorrhizal traits of two varieties of snapdragon flower in 2021–2022 in the greenhouse of Agriculture Research at the Research Institute of Zabol. The experiment was conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The investigated factors included the varieties (yellow and red flowers) and fertilizer treatment (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossaea, supermycoplus and control). The results of this study showed the effect of variety was significant on all phonological traits, except in the time of four-leaf formation. Fertilizer treatment also had a significant effect on all phenology traits, while the interaction of variety and fertilizer treatment was significant only on two phenology traits: time of first leaf formation and four-leaf formation time. The red variety led to the occurrence of phonological traits earlier than the yellow one, in most of the phonological traits. The results showed that the yellow variety was superior to the red variety in all the physiological traits except for the phenol of the leaf and the flavonoid of the flower. Supermycoplus was better than the control and the mycorrhizal fungi, in the traits of: The phenolic, flavonoid and DPPH of the leaves and the flavonoid of the root, among the fertilizer treatments. In general, the use of biofertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi is recommended due to their positive effects on the physiological traits of snapdragon flowers.